Exceptions and Errors¶
When your code has errors and you run it, it will show the error and an exception.
Typer does some tricks to help you detect those errors quickly.
Example Broken App¶
Let's take this example broken app:
import typer
def main(name: str = "morty"):
print(name + 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
typer.run(main)
This code is broken because you can't sum a string and a number (name + 3).
Exceptions with Rich¶
If you have Rich installed (for example if you installed "typer[all]"), Typer will use it to automatically show you nicely printed errors.
It will omit all the parts of the traceback (the chain of things that called your function) that come from the internal parts in Typer and Click.
So, the error you see will be much clearer and simpler, to help you detect the problem in your code quickly:
$ python main.py
<font color="#F92672">╭──────────────── </font><font color="#F92672"><b>Traceback (most recent call last)</b></font><font color="#F92672"> ────────────────╮</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">5</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 2 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 3 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 4 <font color="#66D9EF">def</font> <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>(name: <font color="#A1EFE4">str</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">"morty"</font>): <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font> 5 │ <font color="#A1EFE4">print</font>(name + <font color="#66D9EF">3</font>) <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 6 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 7 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 8 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">"__main__"</font>: <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╭──── locals ────╮</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> name = <font color="#F4BF75">'morty'</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╰────────────────╯</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯</font>
<font color="#F92672"><b>TypeError: </b></font>can only concatenate str <b>(</b>not <font color="#A6E22E">"int"</font><b>)</b> to str
Exceptions without Rich¶
If you don't have Rich installed, Typer will still do some tricks to show you the information as clearly as possible:
$ python main.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 12, in <module>
typer.run(main)
File "main.py", line 8, in main
print(name + 3)
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
Disable Local Variables for Security¶
If your Typer application handles delicate information, for example a password, a key, a token, then it could be problematic if the automatic errors show the value in those local variables.
This would be relevant in particular if your CLI application is being run on some CI (continuous integration) system that is recording the logs.
The default errors above, when using Rich, show a section with:
name = 'morty'
In this case, name is a local variable, it comes from a parameter passed to the function.
But if it was something like a password, you would have liked to hide it.
In that case, you can create the typer.Typer() application explicitly and set the parameter pretty_exceptions_show_locals=False:
import typer
app = typer.Typer(pretty_exceptions_show_locals=False)
@app.command()
def main(password: str):
print(password + 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app()
And now when you run it, you will see the error without the local variables:
$ python main.py supersecret
<font color="#F92672">╭──────────────── </font><font color="#F92672"><b>Traceback (most recent call last)</b></font><font color="#F92672"> ────────────────╮</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">8</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 5 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 6 <font color="#AE81FF"><b>@app</b></font>.command() <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 7 <font color="#66D9EF">def</font> <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>(password: <font color="#A1EFE4">str</font>): <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font> 8 │ <font color="#A1EFE4">print</font>(password + <font color="#66D9EF">3</font>) <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 9 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 10 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 11 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">"__main__"</font>: <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯</font>
<font color="#F92672"><b>TypeError: </b></font>can only concatenate str <b>(</b>not <font color="#A6E22E">"int"</font><b>)</b> to str
Note that you passed the password supersecret, but it's not shown anywhere in the error message.
Being able to see the values of local variables is normally very helpful to diagnose, debug, and fix problems, but if you are dealing with delicate information, now you know how to secure it. 🔒
Disable Short Output¶
If you want to show the full exception, including the parts in Typer and Click, you can use the parameter pretty_exceptions_short=False:
import typer
app = typer.Typer(pretty_exceptions_short=False)
@app.command()
def main(name: str = "morty"):
print(name + 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app()
Now when you run it, you will see the whole output:
$ python main.py
<font color="#F92672">╭──────────────── </font><font color="#F92672"><b>Traceback (most recent call last)</b></font><font color="#F92672"> ────────────────╮</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">12</font> in <font color="#A6E22E"><module></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 9 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 10 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 11 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">"__main__"</font>: <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font>12 │ app() <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 13 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╭─────────────────────────── locals ────────────────────────────╮</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__annotations__</font> = <b>{}</b> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__builtins__</font> = <b><</b><font color="#AE81FF"><b>module</b></font> <font color="#F4BF75">'builtins'</font> <b>(</b>built-in<b>)></b> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__cached__</font> = <font color="#66D9EF">None</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__doc__</font> = <font color="#66D9EF">None</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__file__</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">'main.py'</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__loader__</font> = <b><</b><font color="#AE81FF"><b>_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoad…</b></font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> object at <font color="#66D9EF">0x7f047db1c050</font><b>></b> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__name__</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">'__main__'</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__package__</font> = <font color="#66D9EF">None</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#A6194C">__spec__</font> = <font color="#66D9EF">None</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> app = <b><</b><font color="#AE81FF"><b>typer.main.Typer</b></font> object at <font color="#66D9EF">0x7f047db51d90</font><b>></b> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> main = <b><</b><font color="#AE81FF"><b>function</b></font> main at <font color="#66D9EF">0x7f047db56830</font><b>></b> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> typer = <b><</b><font color="#AE81FF"><b>module</b></font> <font color="#F4BF75">'typer'</font> from <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">'/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.…</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>ma</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>in.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">328</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">__call__</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>ma</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>in.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">311</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">__call__</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>co</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>re.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">1130</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">__call__</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>co</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>re.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">723</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>co</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>re.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">216</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">_main</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>co</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>re.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">1404</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">invoke</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>co</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>re.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">760</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">invoke</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>ma</b></font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75"><b>in.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">683</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">wrapper</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#A37F4E">/home/user/code/superapp/</font><font color="#F4BF75"><b>main.py</b></font>:<font color="#66D9EF">8</font> in <font color="#A6E22E">main</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 5 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 6 <font color="#AE81FF"><b>@app</b></font>.command() <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 7 <font color="#66D9EF">def</font> <font color="#A6E22E">main</font>(name: <font color="#A1EFE4">str</font> = <font color="#F4BF75">"morty"</font>): <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">❱ </font> 8 │ <font color="#A1EFE4">print</font>(name + <font color="#66D9EF">3</font>) <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 9 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 10 <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> 11 <font color="#66D9EF">if</font> <font color="#F92672">__name__</font> == <font color="#F4BF75">"__main__"</font>: <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╭──── locals ────╮</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> name = <font color="#F4BF75">'morty'</font> <font color="#F4BF75">│</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">│</font> <font color="#F4BF75">╰────────────────╯</font> <font color="#F92672">│</font>
<font color="#F92672">╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯</font>
<font color="#F92672"><b>TypeError: </b></font>can only concatenate str <b>(</b>not <font color="#A6E22E">"int"</font><b>)</b> to str
Disable Pretty Exceptions¶
You can also entirely disable pretty exceptions with the parameter pretty_exceptions_enable=False:
import typer
app = typer.Typer(pretty_exceptions_enable=False)
@app.command()
def main(name: str = "morty"):
print(name + 3)
if __name__ == "__main__":
app()
And now you will see the full standard exception as with any other Python program:
$ python main.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 12, in <module>
app()
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 328, in __call__
raise e
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 311, in __call__
return get_command(self)(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 1130, in __call__
return self.main(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/core.py", line 723, in main
**extra,
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/core.py", line 216, in _main
rv = self.invoke(ctx)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 1404, in invoke
return ctx.invoke(self.callback, **ctx.params)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 760, in invoke
return __callback(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 683, in wrapper
return callback(**use_params) # type: ignore
File "main.py", line 8, in main
print(name + 3)
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
You could also achieve the same with the environment variable _TYPER_STANDARD_TRACEBACK=1.
This will work for any other Typer program too, in case you need to debug a problem in a Typer program made by someone else:
export _TYPER_STANDARD_TRACEBACK=1
$ python main.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 12, in <module>
app()
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 328, in __call__
raise e
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 311, in __call__
return get_command(self)(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 1130, in __call__
return self.main(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/core.py", line 723, in main
**extra,
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/core.py", line 216, in _main
rv = self.invoke(ctx)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 1404, in invoke
return ctx.invoke(self.callback, **ctx.params)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/click/core.py", line 760, in invoke
return __callback(*args, **kwargs)
File "/home/user/code/superapp/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/typer/main.py", line 683, in wrapper
return callback(**use_params) # type: ignore
File "main.py", line 8, in main
print(name + 3)
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str